Field work or data acquisition Making measurements and recording data in the field.
Surveying can be regarded as that discipline which encomposes all methods of gathering and processing information about to the physical earth and environment. Conventionalground systems are now supplemented by aerial and satellite surveying methods, which evoved through the defences and space programs.
Research analysis and decision making.selecting the survey method equipment most likely corner locations,and so on Stakeout.Setting monuments and stakes to delineate boundries or guide.
Computing or data processing.performing calculations based on the recorded data to determine locations, areas, volumes, and so on.
Surveying continues to play an extremely important role in many branches of engineering.For example surveys are required to plan.
Surveying is one of the oldest and most important arts practiced by bman because from the earliswed times it has been necessary to mark boundries and divide land surveying has now become indispensable to our modern way of life.
Mapping or data representation.plotting measurements or computed values to produce a map,plot,or, chart,or portraying the data in numerical or computer format.
Land subdivisions,seweage systems,pipeline,etc,All engineers must know the limits of accuracy possible in construction.
Significant development in the art of surveying came from the practicalminded romans,whose best-known writing on surveying was by frontinus.Aithough the original manuscript disappeared,copied portions have been preserved.this noted Roman engineer and surveyor,who lived in the first century,was a pioneer in the field and his esay remained the standard for many years.
Was chieflyalong the lines of pure science Hereon stands out prominently for applying science to surveying in about 120B.C. He was the auther of several importand transities of interested to surveyings ,including the Dioprata,which releated the methods of surveying a field drawing a plan,and making calculations.IT also described one of the fierst piece of surveying equipments recorded,the dipoter.For many years Heron’s work was the most authoritive among greek and Egyptian surveyors.
Increased land values and the importance of extract boundries along with the demand for public improvements in the canal,turnkipe,and railroad eras,bought surveying into the prominent position.More the recently the largwe volume of general construction,numerous land subdivision with better records required,and demand posted by the fields of exploration and ecology have enabled an augmented surveying program.surveying is still the sign of progrerss in the development and use of the earth’s resources.
Early civilations assumed the earth to be a flat surface,but by nothing the earth’s circular shadow on the moon during lunar eckopses and watching ships gradually disappear as they sailed toward the horizon, it was slowly deducated that the planet actually curved in all directions.
Ancient surveying:
A plump rule from the book Cassells’Carpentry and joinery.
Basic surveyance has occurred since humans built the first large structures.the Prehistoric monument at Stonehenge(c.2500 BC)was set out by prehistoric surveyor,through the application of simple geometry.the nearly perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza,built c.2700 BC affirm the Egyptions command of surveying.The Groma surveying instrument originated in Mesopotamia(early 1st millennium BC)
Modern Surveying
A plane table was described by Abel Foullon in 1661, but is thought that the instrument was in use earlier as his description is of a fully developed instrument.
Gunter’s chain was introduced in 1620 by English mathematician Edmund Gunter, which enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted for legal and commercial purposes.
In the 18th century, modern techniques and instruments for surveying began to be used. The modern theodolite, a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes, was introduced by Jesse Ramsden in 1787. He created his great theodolite using a very accurate dividing engine of his own design. Earlier, more primitive devices, had been ivented by Leonard Digges, Joshua Haberme,l and Jonathan Sisson in the previous centuries, but Ramsden’s theodolite represented a great step forward in the instrument’s accuracy. William Gascoigne invented an instrument that used a telescope with an installed crosshair as a target device, in 1640. James Watt developed an optical meter for the measuring of distance in 1771’ or, easier the parrallactic angle from which the distance to a point could be deduced.